The Russel County Middle School Situation Analysis

Introduction Part of the Russell County Middle School (RCMS) mission statement declares that we as an organization will help students accomplish what they are capable of. Procedures are in place to assist special education students and cater to gifted students, but some students seem to fall through the cracks. About five percent of the student population is retained each year and about one percent fail to capitalize on the opportunity to be promoted mid-year the following school year. A review of these students’ average data showed that absenteeism and discipline were issues, but that the students performed on or close to grade level on standardized tests. A group was formed to determine root causes and develop a plan of action to reduce the number of students that are retained each year and help those that have been retained to get back on track. A consensus was reached that a lack of motivation was the underlying cause for students’ poor classroom performance and resulting retention. After brainstorming and evaluating options, the group decided to implement a mentoring program in which faculty and staff members that did not teach the retained students would meet with them periodically to build relationships and encourage them. Challenges At the conclusion of the 2012-2013 school year, 28 students were retained that returned to RCMS the following year. This group of students averaged over twenty-three absences from school, 4.5 days in in-school suspension, 4.9 daysShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLeadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structureRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pages 4. Complex Brand Strategies And Relationships There was a time, not too long ago, when a brand was a clear, singular entity. Colgate, for example, was a brand name that simply needed to be defined, established, and nurtured. Today, the situation is far different. There are subbrands, brand extensions, ingredient brands, endorser brands, and corporate brands. The Coke logo can be found on a dozen products, including Diet Cherry Coke, Caffeine Free Diet Coke, and Coke Classic - and it doesn

The National Organ Transplant Act Of 1984 - 884 Words

Every day some dies after waiting years on a transplant list. The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 says that in the United States, the sale of organs is illegal. Some believe this act may be preventing thousands of people from getting the organs that will save their lives. The truth is every day someone dies and their organs could be used to help others and everyday a life of one and the livelihood of another could be saved. The reasons for allowing the sale of organs is very simple to understand. It can help others financially, save money on medical expenses and most importantly, save lives. Critiques believe this would be a mistake causing spur of the moment decisions, and illegal obtain these organs for sale. With the use of regulation, these doubts can be laid to rest. Before the problem can be solved, the problem has to be identified. The Facts. â€Å"Of the more than 101,000 people in the United States who need a kidney, fewer than 17,000 will receive a transplant this year.† Every day people die from not receiving the transplants they need and every day more people are added to the transplant list. â€Å"Tragically, more than 7,000 of the people waiting for a kidney either died or were dropped from the list because they had become too sick to qualify for a transplant.† The majority of the donors in the United States are deceased at the time that their organs are harvested. Society is just not donating their organs, even when we can live a perfectly healthy and happyShow MoreRelatedThe National Organ Transplant Act Of 1984753 Words   |  4 Pagesunder the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984, there is a larger demand for organs than there is available supply. As a result, people in need of kidney or liver transplants die every year while waiting. 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Management and Business Context for Motors - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManagement and Business Context for Motors. Answer: Introduction: Company Profile: General Motors is the company that deals and operates in automobile industry. It is the company that has its headquarters situated at Detroit, Michigan. The company has been established in 1908. It performs various functions such as designing, manufacturing, marketing and distributing the vehicles and the related products. The company operates in 35 countries with the operations of manufacturing the cars and trucks (Jobber Ellis-Chadwick, 2012). The company is also called as GM and its cars and trucks are sold all over the world. Some of the brands that are associated with the company are Chevrolet, Holden, GMC, Wuling etc. SWOT Analysis: Strength: Huge market share: The major strength of the company is its hug market share. The share value of the company is consistently increasing in the market of China and various other countries thus suggest that the company has its acceptance in the international market as well. International knowledge: being a worldwide company, the company is operating its functions very well in international market and thus proves that the company has great international knowledge (Malhotra, 2008). Wide range of brands: As discussed that the company has range of brads that are associated with the same. These brands serve the large market segment and act as the strength for the company. Weakness: Outdated technology: Even though the company is operating and functioning in the industry since years but still not able to compete with new trends because it has not updated the technology they are using to manufacture the products. Only focus on US market: The Company is operating worldwide but the main focus of the company always remains at the US market (Pinto, 2007). In order to compete with the competitors, the need of hour for the firm is to come up with the strategies that can helps in increasing the sales in international countries along with US. Low quality: This is also the major weakness of the firm. The company is very well-known but still serves the market with low quality products as compared to competitors. Opportunities: Technological improvement: It is the very essential need of the firm to substitute its technology in order to manufacture the products. The company should substitute the energy use by making the hybrid vehicles that have more fuel efficiency. More focus on global market: The Company also has the opportunity to shift their focus towards global market as thecae already established their businesses there. They have t maintain the same too. Threats: Rising competition: The automotive industry is very much competitive in nature thus develops the threat for the company (Turban, Sharda, Aronson King, 2008). Increased fuel prices: The Company is manufacturing trucks and cars that have less fuel efficiency and thus rise in fuel prices is the threat for the company. Competitor Analysis: The competitors of General Motors are highly competitive in nature. the major competitors includes Toyota, Ford, Nissan, Honda etc. the competition is not high in the parent country but all these companies have their businesses all over the world and thus gives tough competition to General Motors in every area. With the rise of these companies, the intensity of the competition has increased in the industry (Lee-Ross Lashley, 2010). The competition is not just with the products but also with the prices. The competition in prices results in declining prices of the vehicle which decreases the profit margin of the companies as well. Another reason that can be majorly considered is the homogeneity in the products. There is not much differentiation in the products in this industry mad thus the companies have to deliver somewhat similar products to the market which becomes challenging for them in tis competitive environment. What is Globalization? Globalization is the process that helps in expansion of business to the international country. It helps the companies to cross the boundaries and explore the new market. In the process globalization the transfer of knowledge, technology, processes, designs etc. takes place. The companies have to make many efforts in order to go global. They have to analyze the overall market of the host country in order to establish their business in that country. Globalization provides a win-win situation for both the company and the international country in which it will establish its business (Weske, 2012). This is because the country earns the foreign revenue from the company and the company can get access over the larger and the new market so as to hence the business. GM motors is the company that has took full advantage of this strategy and opened its businesses almost all over the world. Advantages of Globalization: The first advantage of globalization is that it provides a great platform for the companies who want to expand. It integrates the world and thus brings unity. This is because more than one country nationals are involved in the business so the country may for healthy relations with each other (Fairclough, 2009). Workforce diversity is another big reason for the popularity of globalization in business. As the companies operate in different countries so they have to give the people from the local country as well. This brings the diversity in the workforce and the people with different culture and beliefs world together in the same organization for the common goals (Laanti, Gabrielsson Gabrielsson, 2007). Another advantage of globalization is that if the company established its business in the foreign country then it brings opportunities for the people of that country to get employment. Disadvantages of Globalization: The first negative impact of globalization is on the local market of the countries. As more and more multinational companies spread their businesses and functioning in different countries, the local market of those countries face the threat from such MNCs Globalization is the process that results in over use of the resources of the host country as well as the parent country. This increases the transportation and thus the use of fuel resources. Business Issues in Globalization: It is very moral for the business to face one or the other issues because go globalization. Some of them are discussed below: Issue in maintaining consistency: The major issues that has been faced by most of the companies along with GM is that it take so much of efforts for the companies to maintain the consistency in the design, functions and processes that requires to manufacture the products. This is because, it is not necessary that every resource is available abundantly in every county where the company operates (Audet, Dennis Le Digabel, 2010). Increasing cost: Globalization of the businesses results in increase of cost for the functions that are being conducted. This is because some of the extra functions are required to be conducted when the company operates in two or more countries. Communication and cultural barriers: When a company operates in different countries, it needs to communicate with the people in the subsidiaries. Thus, it becomes difficult for them to communicate as the culture and luggage used in different countries is different from each other. Globalization of Market: Globalization of market can be defined as the process that helps the companies to integrate the whole world market into one single entity (Varghese, 2009). The company who ways to globalizer their market sell the products with consistency all over the world considering that the whole world in the single market. Globalization of Product: Globalization of products is the very different concept from globalization of market. In this concept, the products of the company are modified in such a way that it can used by the people or market of different countries. For examples, of a company has made software which needs to be sold in different countries having different languages. Thus, the software will be modified in a way so that it can be accessed in those languages. GM Strategies for Global Market Penetration: International trade brings high level of risks for the company. There are many aspects of foreign trade such as outsourcing; licensing, exporting, seeking suppliers, franchising etc. affect the business greatly (Laanti, Gabrielsson Gabrielsson, 2007). In case of General Motors, the strategies used for trading internationally is the constant improvement and the expansion of cost products. The company always tries to bring innovation in the auto parts. There are many examples that suggest that the company uses the strategy of innovation in terms of attracting the global market. The introduction of 4G LTE high speed mobile broadband to enhance the vehicle to vehicle connectivity in Cadillac CTS 2017 is one of the strategies. The company is also planning to release the new design of the vehicle that is called super cruise. In china, the company is continuously using the strategy of joint venture to enter the market. The new and innovative project of Chevrolet will also be releasing by t he company in China, India, Mexico and Brazil by 2019 (Chesbrough, 2007). GM Strategies of Meeting Local Needs: The business of General Motors is very m much diversified in nature. The company meets the local ends of the customers by implementing global network of dealers. It has been analyzed that the company forms the network that allow the firm to distribute the products in all the operating areas (Inkpen, 2008). This helps the firm to transport their products easily and it also helps in communicating with the local customers at every area. The independent dealer of the firm in every county helps the firm to know about the local needs of the people there. Internal Issue of Globalization in GM: Production issues: GM is the firm that manufactures the automotive products like trucks and cars. The company has to serve the market with consistent designs of the products but has to modify the products specification according to the logical needs of the people that differs according to the beliefs and choose of the people as well as the environmental factors of the country. Marketing issues: the company faces some of the issues in marketing as well. The issues are related to the strategy that needs to be adopted in order to market the products in different countries (Daniels, Radebaugh, Sullivan Salwan, 2009). External issues of globalization faced by GM: external issues of globalization are related to the political and legal aspects of the county where the business will going to be established, the company needs to have access of al the legal framework of that country and also needs to maintain that consistency in the process at the same time. Recommendations and Conclusions: After the analyzing the whole scenario, it has been identified that globalization greatly affect the conies like General Motors as it is the firm that operates in many countries. There are many issues such as communication issues, maintain the consistency issues, cultural issues etc. force as the conies to take intelligent decisions over the same (Wilkins Hill, 2011). It has been recommended that the company should focus on some of the things in order to make full profit of the opportunities that the globalization presents for the company the main strategy or step that needs to be adapted by the company is to make their focus on global market. The merging market like China and India provides immense opportunities for the company to avail but the company has to take initiatives in the direction especially in terms of marketing (Fogel, Morck Yeung, 2008). Anointer strategy hat needs to be implemented by the common is up gradation in the technology. The company is still using the same old technology to conduct its proceeds and to design its products. The incurred in fuel efficiency of the vehicles is the need of hour for the firm. This can be done by introducing new and loaded technology so that the firm can compete with the new competitors that are technologically very active in the market. References: Audet, C., Dennis, J. E., Le Digabel, S. (2010). Globalization strategies for mesh adaptive direct search.Computational Optimization and Applications,46(2), 193-215. Chesbrough, H. W. (2007). Why companies should have open business models.MIT Sloan management review,48(2), 22. Daniels, J. D., Radebaugh, L. H., Sullivan, D. P., Salwan, P. (2009).International business. Pearson Education India. Fairclough, N. (2009). Language and globalization.Semiotica,2009(173), 317-342. Fogel, K., Morck, R., Yeung, B. (2008). Big business stability and economic growth: Is what's good for General Motors good for America?.Journal of Financial Economics,89(1), 83-108. Inkpen, A. C. (2008). Knowledge transfer and international joint ventures: the case of NUMMI and General Motors.Strategic Management Journal,29(4), 447-453. Jobber, D., Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2012).Principles and practice of marketing(No. 7th). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Laanti, R., Gabrielsson, M., Gabrielsson, P. (2007). The globalization strategies of business-to-business born global firms in the wireless technology industry.Industrial Marketing Management,36(8), 1104-1117. Laanti, R., Gabrielsson, M., Gabrielsson, P. (2007). The globalization strategies of business-to-business born global firms in the wireless technology industry.Industrial Marketing Management,36(8), 1104-1117. Lee-Ross, D., Lashley, C. (2010).Entrepreneurship and small business management in the hospitality industry. Routledge. Malhotra, N. K. (2008).Marketing research: An applied orientation, 5/e. Pearson Education India Pinto, J. K. (2007).Project management: achieving competitive advantage. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Turban, E., Sharda, R., Aronson, J. E., King, D. (2008).Business intelligence: A managerial approach. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Varghese, N. V. (2009). Globalization, economic crisis and national strategies for higher education development.International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) Research Paper, UNESCO. Paris: IIEP. Weske, M. (2012). Business process management architectures. InBusiness Process Management(pp. 333-371). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Wilkins, M., Hill, F. E. (2011).American business abroad: Ford on six continents. Cambridge University Press.

Sullivan Ford Auto World free essay sample

Marketing cars differ from marketing services for those same vehicles. Marketing cars you are selling a tangible product, where the potential customer can do research online and go into a dealership and test drive it. Once the customer has decided which vehicle to purchase, the best price is most important and liking the sales person is only an added benefit. Compared to marketing the services for that same vehicle, it is more important to feel that a customer likes the person or company so that he/she can build a relationship of trust and confidence which leads to a satisfied customer as well as repeated business. Repeat business might be in the form of an oil change, or most costly work that is in or out of warranty. From a consumer perspective, running a car sales and service dealership and managing health care services have many similarities when seeking to attract new customers and keep existing ones happy. We will write a custom essay sample on Sullivan Ford Auto World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Drawing on Carols experience, handling customer complaints in healthcare or any other industry will provide an opportunity for learning and understanding where improvements may be needed. For patiences to stay in the same long-term care facility would require them receiving proper care and an environment of trust, comfort and satisfaction. This is similar to running a car sales and service dealership, because of the building trust and relationship that would motivate customers to come back for regular maintenance, major repairs as well as repeat purchases. Marketing cars differ from marketing services for those same vehicles. Marketing cars you are selling a tangible product, where the potential customer can do research online and go into a dealership and test drive it. Once the customer has decided which vehicle to purchase, the best price is most important and liking the sales person is only an added benefit. Compared to marketing the services for that same vehicle, it is more important to feel that a customer likes the person or company so that he/she can build a relationship of trust and confidence which leads to a satisfied customer as well as repeated business. Repeat business might be in the form of an oil change, or most costly work that is in or out of warranty. From a consumer perspective, running a car sales and service dealership and managing health care services have many similarities when seeking to attract new customers and keep existing ones happy. Drawing on Carols experience, handling customer complaints in healthcare or any other industry will provide an opportunity for learning and understanding where improvements may be needed. For patiences to stay in the same long-term care facility would require them receiving proper care and an environment of trust, comfort and satisfaction. This is similar to running a car sales and service dealership, because of the building trust and relationship that would motivate customers to come back for regular maintenance, major repairs as well as repeat purchases. 1. Marketing cars differ from marketing services for those same vehicles. Marketing cars you are selling a tangible product, where the potential customer can do research online and go into a dealership and test drive it. Once the customer has decided which vehicle to purchase, the best price is most important and liking the sales person is only an added benefit. Compared to marketing the services for that same vehicle, it is more important to feel that a customer likes the person or company so that he/she can build a relationship of trust and confidence which leads to a satisfied customer as well as repeated business. Repeat business might be in the form of an oil change, or most costly work that is in or out of warranty. 3. From a consumer perspective, running a car sales and service dealership and managing health care services have many similarities when seeking to attract new customers and keep existing ones happy. Drawing on Carols experience, handling customer complaints in healthcare or any other industry will provide an opportunity for learning and understanding where improvements may be needed. For patiences to stay in the same long-term care facility would require them receiving proper care and an environment of trust, comfort and satisfaction. This is similar to running a car sales and service dealership, because of the building trust and relationship that would motivate customers to come back for regular maintenance, major repairs as well as repeat purchases.

Multiplexing and Data Rate Essays

Multiplexing and Data Rate Essays Multiplexing and Data Rate Essay Multiplexing and Data Rate Essay Multiplexing CHAPTER 4 Outline * Frequency Division Multiplexing(FDM) * Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing * Statistical Time Division Multiplexing * Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line(ADSL) Multiplexing * Set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single link * allows several transmission sources to share a larger transmission capacity Link = physical path Channel = portion of a link that carries a transmission between a given pairs of lines 2 CATEGORY OF MULTIPLEXING WDM FDM TDM ADSL Frequency Division Multiplexing * FDM – numerous signals are combined for ransmission on a single communications line or channel. Each signal is assigned a different frequency (subchannel) within the main channel. * Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds required bandwidth of channel * e. g. broadcast radio and cable television * Channel allocated even if no data Frequency Division Multiplexing Diagram * Each signal is modulat ed to a different carrier frequency * Carrier frequencies separated by guard bands (unused bandwidth) – to prevent interference so signals do not overlap. 3 FDM System FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that combines signals. FDM process FDM Demultiplexing Example 1 Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4 KHz. We need to combine three voice channels into a link with a bandwidth of 12 KHz, from 20 to 32 KHz. Show the configuration using the frequency domain without the use of guard bands. Solution Shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a different bandwidth, as shown in next figure Example 2 Five channels, each with a 100-KHz bandwidth, are to be multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 KHz between the channels to prevent interference? Solution For five channels, we need at least four guard bands. This means that the required bandwidth is at least 5 x 100 + 4 x 10 = 540 KHz, as shown in next Figure. Example 3 Four data channels (digital), each transmitting at 1 Mbps, use a satellite channel of 1 MHz. Design an appropriate configuration using FDM Solution The satellite channel is analog. We divide it into four channels, each channel having a 250-KHz bandwidth. Each digital channel of 1 Mbps is modulated such that each 4 bits are modulated to 1 Hz. One solution is 16- QAM modulation. Figure 6. 8 shows one possible configuration. Analog Carrier Systems ATT (USA) * Hierarchy of FDM schemes * Group 1. 12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz 2. Range 60kHz to 108kHz * Supergroup 1. 60 channel 2. FDM of 5 group signals on carriers between 420kHz and 612 kHz * Mastergroup 1. 10 supergroups Analog Hierarchy To maximize the efficiency infrastructure, multiplexed signals from lower bandwidth lines onto higher-bandwidth signals FDM of Th ree Voiceband Signals FDM Applications 1. Common used radio broadcasting AM and FM * AM (530 – 1700KHz) – shared with all radio stations * FM uses a wider band (88 – 108MHz) – each station needs more bandwidth, 200KHz 2. Television Broadcasting * Each TV channel has own bandwidth of 6 Mhz 3. 1st Generation of Cellular telephones * Voice signal 3KHz (300 – 3300Hz) channels * Bt = 10 x Bm , therefore each channel has 30KHz channels * each user has been allocated two 30KHz channel, therefore 60KHz. Example 4 The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses two bands. The first band, 824 to 849 MHz, is used for sending; and 869 to 894 MHz is used for receiving. Each user has a bandwidth of 30 KHz in each direction. The 3 5 Four 1-Kbps connections are multiplexed together. A unit is 1 bit. Find : (1) the duration of 1 bit before multiplexing, (2) the transmission rate of the link, (3) the duration of a time slot, and (4) the duration of a frame? Solution We can answer the questions as follows: 1. The duration of 1 bit is 1/1 Kbps, or 0. 001 s (1 ms). 2. The rate of the link is 4 Kbps. 3. The duration of each time slot 1/4 ms or 250 ms. 4. The duration of a frame 1 ms. Interleaving switches are synchronized and rotate at the same speed but opposite direction process of sending a unit data onto the path when the connection on the multiplexing and de 6 Four channels are multiplexed using TDM. If each channel sends 100 bytes/s and we multiplex 1 byte per channel, show the frame traveling on the link, the size of the frame, the duration of a frame, the frame rate, and the bit rate for the link. Solution The multiplexer is shown in Figure 6 Example 7 A multiplexer combines four 100 8 We have four sources, each creating 250 characters per second. If the interleaved unit is a character and 1 synchronizing bit is added to each frame, find (1) the data rate of each source, (2) the duration of each character in each source, (3) the frame rate, (4) the duration of each frame, (5) the number of bits in each frame, and (6) the data rate of the link. Solution Answer as follows: 1. The data rate of each source is 250 x 8 = 2000 bps = 2 Kbps. 2. The duration of a character is 1/250 s = 4 ms. 3. The link needs to send 250 frames per second. 4. The duration of each frame is 1/250 = 4 ms. 5. Each frame is 4 x 8 + 1 = 33 bits. 6. The data rate of the link is 250 x 33 = 8250 bps. Example 9 Two channels, one with a bit rate of 100 Kbps and another with a bit rate of 200 Kbps, are to be multiplexed. How this can be achieved? What is the frame rate? What is the frame duration? What is the bit rate of the link? Solution We can allocate one slot to the first channel and two slots to the second channel. Each frame carries 3 bits. The frame rate is 100,000 frames per second because it carries 1 bit from the first channel. The frame duration is 1/100,000 = 10 ms. The bit rate is 100,000 frames/s x 3 bits/frame = 300 Kbps. Pulse Stuffing * Problem Synchronizing various data sources * Each source has separate clock, variation among clock cause loss synchronization * Data rates from different sources not related by simple rational number * Solution Pulse Stuffing as effective remedy * Outgoing data rate (excluding framing bits) higher than sum of incoming rates * Stuff extra dummy bits or pulses into each ncoming signal until it matches local clock * Stuffed pulses inserted at fixed locations in frame and removed at demultiplexer TDM of Analog and Digital Sources Digital Carrier Systems * Long distance carrier system * Designed to transmit voice signal over high capacity transmission lonks usuch as optical fiber, coax and microwave * ATT developed hierarchy of TDM structures of various capacities * USA/Canada/Japan use one system * ITU-T use a similar (but different) system * US system based on DS-1 format which Multiplexes 24 channels * Each frame has 8 bits per channel plus one raming bit, 24 x 8 +1 =193 bits per frame Digital Carrier Systems (2) * For voice each channel contains one word of digitized data (using PCM at 8000 samples per sec) * Data rate 8000193 = 1. 544Mbps * Five out of six frames have 8 bit PCM samples * Sixth frame is 7 bit PCM word plus signaling bit * Signaling bits form stream for each channel containing control and routing info * Same format for digital data * 23 channels of data * 7 bits per frame plus indicator bit for data or systems control * 24th channel is sync DS Hierarchy TDM Carrier Standard North American and International TDM Carrier Standards Statistical TDM * In Synchronous TDM many slots are wasted * Statistical TDM allocates time slots dynamically based on demand * Multiplexer scans input lines and collects data until frame full * Data rate on line lower than aggregate rates of input lines * Improve efficiency is to allow multiple data resources to be packed in one single frame Statistical TDM Frame Formats Performance * Output data rate less than aggregate input data rates cause by average amount of input capacity of multiplexed line * Difficulty: May cause problems during peak periods when the input exceed capacity * Solution Buffer inputs to hold temporary excess input * Keep buffer size to minimum to reduce delay Cable Modem Outline * To support data transfer to and from a cable modem, two channels from cable TV provider dedicated to data transfer * One in each direction * Each channel shared by number of subscribers * Scheme needed to allocate capacity * Statistical TDM Cable Modem Operation Downstream * Cable sc heduler delivers data in small packets * If more than one subscriber active, each gets fraction of downstream capacity May get 500kbps to 1. 5Mbps * Also used to allocate upstream time slots to subscribers Upstream * User requests timeslots on shared upstream channel Dedicated slots for this * Headend scheduler sends back assignment of future time slots to subscriber Cable Modem Scheme Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line ADSL Link between subscriber and network * Local loop Uses currently installed twisted pair cable * Can carry broader spectrum * 1 MHz or more ADSL Design Asymmetric -Greater capacity downstream than upstream -Expected for video on demand and related services – high speed access -Users require higher capacity for downstream than upstream Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) element of ADSL strategy Reserve lowest 25kHz for voice – Plain old telephone service (POTS) – Voice carried only 0 – 4KHz band – Additional bandwidth for prevent crosstalk between voice and data channel Use echo cancellation or FDM to give two bands – smaller upstream band and larger downstream band Use FDM within upstream and downstream bands  œ Single bit stream multiple parallel bit streams – each portion carried separate frequency band Range up to 5. 5km -Depending of diameter cables and quality ADSL Channel Configuration Discrete Multitone * DMT * Use multiple carrier signals at different requencies * Sending some bits on each channel * Available transmission band =4kHz subchannels * Send test signal and use subchannels with better signal to noise ratio * ASL/DMT design employ 256 downstream subchannels at 4kHz (60kbps) * Possible to transmit at rate15. 36MHz * Impairments bring this down to 1. 5Mbps to 9Mbps DTM Bits Per Channel Allocation Each channel can carry data rate from 0-60 Kbps Shows increasing attenuation and decreasing signalto- noise ratio at higher frequencies DMT Transmitter xDSL * High data rate DSL * Single line DSL * Very high data rate DSL

Minmi - Facts and Figures

Minmi - Facts and Figures Name: Minmi (after Minmi Crossing in Australia); pronounced MIN-mee Habitat: Woodlands of Australia Historical Period: Middle Cretaceous (100 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 10 feet long and 500-1,000 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Unusually small brain; primitive armor on back and belly About Minmi Minmi was an unusually small, and unusually primitive, ankylosaur (armored dinosaur) from middle Cretaceous Australia. This plant-eaters armor was rudimentary compared to that of later, more famous genera like Ankylosaurus and Euoplocephalus, consisting of horizontal bony plates running along the sides of its backbone, a noticeable thickening on its belly, and spiky protrusions at the end of its long tail. Minmi also had an unusually small, narrow head, which has led some paleontologists to speculate that its encephalization quotient (the comparative size of its brain to the rest of its body) was lower than that of other dinosaurs of its timeand considering how stupid the average ankylosaur was, thats not much of a compliment. (Needless to say, the dinosaur Minmi shouldnt be confused with the Japanese-born, Caribbean-style singer Minmi, or even Mini-Me from the Austin Powers movies, who are both presumably much more intelligent!) Until recently, Minmi was the only known ankylosaur from Australia. That all changed at the end of 2015, when a team from the University of Queensland re-examined a supposed second Minmi fossil specimen (discovered in 1989) and determined that it actually belonged to an entirely new ankylosaur genus, which they dubbed Kunbarrasaurus, Aboriginal and Greek for shield lizard. Kunbarrasaurus appears to be one of the earliest known ankylosaurs, dating to the same middle Cretaceous time frame as Minmi, and given its relatively light coating of armor, it seems to have only recently evolved from the last common ancestor of both stegosaurs and ankylosaurs. Its closest relative was the western European Scelidosaurus, a clue to the different arrangement of the earths continents during the early Mesozoic Era.

Human Sexuality Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human Sexuality - Personal Statement Example An in-depth understanding of these aspects of human sexuality drew me to become a part of this class so that I can gain better knowledge with regard to this subject and pass it on to others. On a scale of 1 (very comfortable) to 10 (a significant amount of reservation or nervousness), where would you rank your level of current comfort or discomfort regarding what to expect while studying human sexuality? Why did you select the rating that you did? With regard to my expectations of studying human sexuality, my level of comfort on this scale is 4. Despite of the fact that I am interested in studying about human sexuality, I have been discouraged by a few members of my family as well as my peers. They provided me with reasons that this class is not very fruitful and it does not provide good learning. These account for a few reasons why I am nervous regarding my expectations of the human sexuality class. It is owing to my own interest and research with regard to this subject that I am still more than willing to become a part of this class. I believe that studying this subject will provide me with good knowledge regarding all the aspects of human sexuality and it is for this reason that I am joining this

Imac Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Imac - Assignment Example The system was also not able to fully take the modules of programming that had used other similar Microsoft software packages. The failure of the highly expensive and hard to replace iMac to run Ronny’s software unfortunately effected his confidence level. Ronny’s computer skills were well known because he had created a very interesting geography puzzle for his classmates. He had also been working on the creation of a new video game in secret, which would be designed to increase the mental skills of younger people. He needed to run the program on the latest version of the computer so he could test his many creative ideas using multimedia and fix the mistakes if he found any. The failure of the iMac very much saddened and worried him. The many trips to repair shop also made him lose important time as he wanted to send his video game to the online contest set up by IBM. The creation of video games involves very advanced computers that can run hard computer programs using multimedia. The testing of software is an important part of software creation and a lucky run of each module lifts the confidence of the creator. The failure of iMac to fully accept the program modules that needed other similar Microsoft software turned out to be the biggest problem to Ronny’s wish to join the contest. iMac is supposed to be the most advanced computer that is able to perform huge numbers of tasks at high speeds. The weaknesses in the machine to run the important parts of Ronny’s programs majorly shook his confidence in Apple’s products. Ronny’s father was also not able to buy another computer for him because of the huge amount of money already spent on the first iMac. While iMacs are known for their power and skills, they are also known for their high prices. The father was very proud of his son and knew that an advanced computer like the iMac would make it easier for

Ice Cream Making Essay Example for Free

Ice Cream Making Essay Some may call it a comfort food, others a family tradition, but we all know sweet potatoes pie is delicious. This pie is common around the colder holidays such as Thanksgiving and Christmas. Sweet potatoes pie common ingredients are of course sweet potatoes, butter, eggs, sugar, milk, vanilla extract, nutmeg, cinnamon, and pie crust. The pie color can vary from light orange to dark orange. The flavor of pie is sweet with a combination of different spices. The texture of the pie is usually smooth, but it is not uncommon to have small pieces of sweet potatoes in it; also some sweet potatoes pies have nuts has toppings which makes it not smooth. The smell of sweet potatoes pie is one that brings up memories to people, the smell of sweet potatoes with various species has a sweet smell. The ice cream mix is liquid, it is thick and creamy; it is tasteless similar to milk and is white in color. After the sweet potatoes mix, which consist of, cinnamon, butter, sugar, nutmeg, pecans, and sweet potatoes was added to the ice cream mix. The mix turned a light orange color. The color adds to the appeal of the product because it is orange just like sweet potatoes. The texture of the ice cream is not smooth because of small pieces of sweet potatoes chucks and walnuts in it. However, we didn’t want it to be too smooth because sweet potatoes pies aren’t smooth and the nuts add texture to it. The different spices are also seen and tasted in the ice cream. The pecans were coated with cinnamon, sugar and nutmeg. This added a sweeter flavor to the ice cream as well as additional spices. The group did a very good job of maintaining the sweet potatoes flavor with ice cream. It has the spices and taste similar to regular sweet potatoes pie. The smell is similar to the smell of sweet potatoes pie; it smells sweet and has a smell of spices like cinnamon and nutmeg. We first made an unhealthy recipe, added 60.2g of butter to sweet potatoes to make it creamy which also made it easy for it to be smashed. After the sweet potatoes were smashed until the texture we desired, we added 2g of cinnamon, 12g of sugar, 1g of nutmeg, to the 308 g of sweet potatoes mixed. After the ingredients were mixed the 25g of pecans were added to the mix. Then the sweet potatoes mix was added to 900mL of the Mayfield ice cream mix gradually. It was then churned for 20 minutes. Then the ice cream was taken out a placed in a blast freezer for storage. Then we made a healthy version of the ice cream, the recipe for the healthy version is 308g of sweet potatoes, 1g of nutmeg, 2g of cinnamon, 30.1g of margarine salted and 5g of Splenda.

Free Argumentative Essays: We Need Trauma Centers :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

We Need Trauma Centers Due to the advanced state of industry a number of devices and machines have come into common use which, often through intentional misuse, result in very serious injuries. Two examples are the automobile and the gun. When a serious injury results from something such as an automobile accident the victim usually has a very short period in which to obtain emergency medical intervention before the shock resulting from his or her injuries is irreversible. Usually this period of time is not longer than one hour, and is often less. If measures to treat shock and the cause of the shock, massive internal bleeding for instance, are not instituted within this first hour after the injury the mortality rate increases exponentially every fifteen to twenty minutes. The state of emergency medical care currently practiced in this community involves an excellent pre-hospital phase under the jurisdiction of Los Angeles City paramedics. The paramedics have jurisdiction of about thirty-five emergency rooms to which their patients can be transferred after beginning medical treatment at the scene of the accident. This is where the problem occurs. To provide the best possible emergency care at the hospital, two factors play an important part. First, the staff must work on at least two to three severely injured patients daily to maintain their technical skill at top level. Second, surgeons and operating rooms must be available within 15 minutes notice, twenty-four hours a day, 365 days a year. In the San Fernando Valley, this level of care is not met anywhere. In greater Los Angeles, this level of care is met at less than six hospitals. The problem involves too many emergency rooms for the population. The cost of maintaining an operating room on fifteen minute standby day and night would put hospitals out of business, since even the busiest hospitals only receive three to four severely injured patients each week. The patient load would not support the very high cost of this service. The best remedy to this situation would be to designate "Trauma Centers". Instead of having thirty five emergency rooms taking care of the critically injured patients three or four selected emergency rooms would be geographically designated to receive all of the critical patients.

The first Olympic Games

The year is 776BC, and in Athens the first Olympic Games are about to start, the festivities have begun with a feast and sacrifices for the gods. The Olympic Spirit was a key part of their society. It was the one-time cultures from all of Greece could come together and celebrate, compete and enjoy. In the past few weeks we have been discussing the pros and cons of different issues and today it's the tur of Olympics. Approximately 2000 years later, what has changed, not much? But this Olympic spirit is ingrained within the Games, the international community spirit along with the best athletes coming together and competing in one of the most prestigious sporting competition in the world. I'd like to give you three reasons to explain why and Why the games will benefit Britain Firstly because of urban regeneration; this has been put at the heart of the London bid, and is a massive benefit to hosting the Olympic Games; there is the opportunity to redevelop areas that are dilapidated and have physical disorders. Although many locations in and around London will be used for Olympic Games the core location for most of the events will be the 500-acre Olympic Park in the Lower Lea Valley in East London, Which stretches over 5 boroughs: namely Tower Hamlets, Hackney, Camden, Greenwich and Stratford. 3 years ago Lower Lea Valley, was literally a dump site, with muggings at an all time high, knife crimes were going up and up. And you know why? Because no one cared about the place, it was considered to be a dirty, dangerous and dilapidated. And know gentlemen, due to the Olympic Committee's regeneration programme, the streets are clean, the alleys are well light The most important venue of the 2012 has been described as an architect's dream. Planned and already in building the 500 acre park promises an excellent site for sporting activities, with over 9 competition events, and is claimed to be the biggest sports site in Europe for nearly 150 years. Outside of the new Olympic Park, which will principally host indoor sports and track and athletic events, all of England will join in as hosts. However it is not just London that is going to benefit. Throughout the countries there will be facilities available. Already the Olympic Committee, has set up brilliant badminton centers in Birmingham, superb swimming pools in Swansea and even mountain biking in Manchester! However to gain the most from the Olympics we need to maximize the legacy effect. Currently the plan is to sell the Olympic stadium to West Ham Football Club, so that they can keep the sporting spirit alive. The legacy effect is in essence the only thing that will keep allow us to maintain the investment of hosting the Olympic Games. Britain, has the highest number of sports fans in the world, we have a pride in our sport, when we hear our national anthem at any event our hearts swell with pride. Recently in the last Commonwealth Games over a thousand British supporters flew out to India to support Team GB. We are proud to be British, Londoner, but the 2012 Olympics is not just about London. It's about team GB, it's about national pride, it's about an amazing, historical event taking place on our doorstep, it's about getting excited and involved, and it's about making sure that we maximise the legacy and the investment. As Lord Coe said â€Å"The Games will inspire the nation and give us the ability to showcase all that is great about Britain.†

History of DES Essay

DES was proposed in 1975 and approved in 1977 as a federal information processing standard. It was criticized by the people who felt that it’s 56 key lengths to be insecure. In spite of this, DES remained a strong encryption algorithm until mid 1990. In the year 1998 summer, the insecurity of DES was demonstrated when a $ 250,000 computer which was built by the electronic frontier foundation decrypted a DES-encoded message in 56 hours. This was improved in the 1999 to 2002 hours through a combination of 100,000 networked personal computers and the EFF machine. DES remains a de facto standard unless a substitute is found (Landau, 2000, p. 341). A certified DES is obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) works in three key lengths: 128, 192, and 256 bits. The publication of DES indicated a new era in cryptography. The development in the community of public cryptographers was enhanced by having an algorithm availability of study that the national security agent certified to be secure (Landau, 2000, p. 341). The (DES) Data Encryption Standard. A system that encrypts quickly but is essentially what is impossible to break is all what cryptographers have always wanted. Public key systems have captured the imagination of mathematicians because of their reliance on elementary number theory. Public key algorithms are used for establishing a key because they are too slow to be used for most data transmissions. Private key system does the encryption because they are typically faster than public key ones (Landau, 2000, p. 341). The data Encryption Standard (DES) workhorse uses private key algorithm besides relying on cryptographic design principles that predate public key. The RC4 in web browsers and the relatively insecure cable TV signal encryption are an exception to DES. DES is the most widely used public cryptosystem in the world. It is the cryptographic algorithm which is used by banks for electronic funds transfer. It is also used for the protection of civilian satellite communications. Still, a variant of DES is used for UNIX password protection. There are three operation of the DES which involves XOR, substitution and permutation. The DES is an interrelated block cipher and a cryptosystem on a block of symbols that sequentially repeats an internal function which is called a round. It encrypts data by the use of a primitive that operates on a block of symptoms of moderate size. Self invert ability is also essential to enable one of the objects to encrypt and decrypt. When encrypting ordinary text, DES begins by grouping the text into 64 bit block. A number of operations are performed by the DES on each block (Landau, 2000, p. 343). The transformation of how the block is to be carried out is determined by a single key of 56 bits. DES iterates sixteen identical rounds of mixing; each round of DES uses a 48-bit sub key. The DES begins with an initial permutation P and ends with its inverse. The permutations are of minor cryptographic implications but forms part of the official algorithm. The selection of sub keys starts by splitting the 56-bit key into two 28-bit halves and rotating each half one or two bits; either one bit in rounds 1, 2, 9, and 16 or two bits otherwise. The two halves are put back together and then 48 particular bits are chosen and put in order (Landau, 2000, p. 343). Attacks of DES The selection of DES was followed by protests in which case some of the researchers appeared to object to the algorithm small key space. Investors in the key public cryptography claimed that a DES encoded message could be broken in about a day by a $ 20 million machine made up of a million specially designed VLSI capable of searching one key per microsecond while working in parallel. The use of a meet in the middle attack to break a four round version of DES did not extend past seven rounds (Landau, 2000, p. 345). This is evidence that, for all these attacks none of them posed a serious threat to the DES. Other attacks on the DES were performed to poke harder to the innards of DES. This brought anomalies which led to the first attacks that were seen to be more theoretically better than exhaustive search. The attacks were against the block structure system and the need of all block-structured cryptosystems needed to be designed to be secure against differential and linear cryptanalysis. There is a strong attack to DES which is differential cryptanalysis. This is apparently known to the algorithms designers. In order to design a secure cryptosystems, there is a need for a mixture of well known principles, some theorems and the presence of some magic. Attacks on a cryptosystem fall into two categories which are passive attacks and active attacks. The passive attacks are the ones which adversely monitors the communication channel. They are usually easier to mount although they yield less. The active attacks have the adversary transmitting messages to obtain information (Landau, 2000, p. 342). The aim of the attackers is to determine the plaintext from the cipher text which they capture. A more successful attack will determine the key and thus compromise a whole set of messages. By designing their algorithms, cryptographer’s help to resist attacks such as cipher text only attack whose adversary has access to the encrypted communications. The known plain text attack which has its adversary has some plain text and its corresponding cipher text. The third attack which can be avoided is the chosen text attack and its adversary chooses the plain text for encryption or decryption. The plain text chosen by the adversary depends on the cipher text received from the previous requests (Landau, 2000, p. 342).

Short Description of the Regulating Acts †History Essay

Short Description of the Regulating Acts – History Essay Free Online Research Papers Short Description of the Regulating Acts History Essay The ‘Regulating Acts’ were a series of edicts with the purpose of subordinating the East India Trading Company to the British Government. In 1772 because of all the fiscal disorder and chaos the company was facing in India, Warren Hastings was inserted as the first governor-general of the company’s Indian territories; his goal was to establish an ordered system of government for British India. During Hastings’ time in office he faced nothing but problems. It was extremely difficult for Hastings to establish any type of government because of a lack of knowledge of Indian culture as well as the inability to speak any Indian languages. On top of the problems Hastings faced actually dealing with the Indian people, there were internal conflicts. The company’s agents in India were unwilling to give up profitable trading activities for the uncertain advantages of government. It was clear at this point that the East India Company was no longer capable of ruling the empire it had created. In 1783 the ‘Board of Control’ was established, whose president sat in British Parliament, officially ending the sovereignty of the East India Company. Research Papers on Short Description of the Regulating Acts - History EssayPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Moral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductBringing Democracy to AfricaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaQuebec and CanadaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Definition of the Elsewhere Principle in Linguistics

Definition of the Elsewhere Principle in Linguistics In linguistics, the Elsewhere Principle is the proposition that the application of a specific rule or operation overrides the application of a more general rule. Also known as the Subset Principle, the Elsewhere Condition, and the Paninian Principle. American linguist Stephen R. Anderson points out that the Elsewhere Principle is invoked by [Stephen R.] Anderson (1969), [Paul] Kiparsky (1973), [Mark] Aronoff (1976), Anderson (1986), [Arnold M.] Zwicky (1986), etc., with antecedents going back to [the fourth century BC Sanskrit grammarian] PÄ Ã¡ ¹â€¡ini, [19th-century German linguist] Hermann Paul, and probably others (A-Morphous Morphology, 1992). Examples and Observations [T]he basic case of competition in morphology can be characterized by the Elsewhere Principle: a more specific form is preferred over a more general one where both are in principle grammatical. By definition, competitors are those forms that can be used to express the same concepts. It is possible, therefore, that competing structures are generated in different components, in particular, morphology and syntax. A well-known example involves the English comparative affix -er, which must attach to short (maximally bisyllabic) adjectives . . .. This morpheme is in competition with the syntactic modifier more, which can in principle attach to both short and long adjectives, and is therefore the more general form. In the context of short adjectives, the Elsewhere Principle dictates that -er blocks more . . .. (We add (19e) to show that in circumstances where the Elsewhere Principle does not apply more can indeed modify short adjectives.) (19a) Bigger(19b) *Intelligenter(19c) *More big(19d) More intelligent(19e) Bigger means more big This classical application of the Elsewhere Principle demonstrates that a morphological complex can be in competition with a syntactic phrase. . . .It does not seem too much to say that one of the core phenomena of morphology, and perhaps of grammar in general, is that one form can compete with, and hence block, others. The classical cases of such competition involve inflectional morphology as regulated by the Elsewhere Principle. . . . [W]e have argued that there are many more examples of competition, which differ from the classical case in terms of the nature of the candidates and the selecting restraints. (Peter Ackema and Ad Neeleman, Word-Formation in Optimality Theory. Handbook of Word-Formation, ed. by Pavol Ã…  tekauer and Rochelle Lieber. Springer, 2005 Mapping Rules An idiosyncratic mapping rule need not mention a single morpho-syntactic terminal; it can also apply to combinations of (morpho-)syntactic material. For example, next to the mapping rules that associate TOOTH with /tooth/ and PLURAL with /z/, there is a mapping rule which relates [TOOTH PLURAL] to [/teeth/]. This rule can be formulated as follows, where P(X) stands for the phonological realization of a syntactic entity X: If PLURAL selects (a category headed by) TOOTH,then P(TOOTH, PLURAL) /teeth/ Since this mapping rule is more specific than the one that only mentions PLURAL, the elsewhere principle states that the latter is blocked where the former can apply, ruling out *[/tooth/ /z/]. Note that this does not mean that the lexicon contains multiple morpho-syntactic morphemes that represent plurality (there is only one plural affix). (Peter Ackema and Ad Neeleman, Morphological Selection and Representational Modularity. Yearbook of Morphology 2001, ed. by Geert Booij and Jaap van Marle. Kluwer, 2002) Illustration and Qualification Two elements are important in the Elsewhere Principle. First, it inactivates rules in particular cases as a property of the rule system as a whole. Second, it does so in virtue of a logical relationship between rules: entailment between application conditions. The rule that is inactivated by a second rule applying to the same case applies to all cases to which the second rule applies.The English plural is formed by adding a morpheme -s to the end of a stem. A number of words have special plurals, such as goose, which has the plural geese. The existence of the nonregular plural (a remainder of an older plural; formation by means of vowel shift) rules out the regular form *gooses.The rule that assigns geese has the application condition stem goose, which is more specific than the application condition stem X4 for the regular plural formation. It follows by the Elsewhere Principle that the regular rule for plural formation does not apply to goose.There is an important caveat with the Elsewhere Principle: It does not always lead to the right conclusion. It is sometimes possible for the irregular form to coexist with the regular form, and sometimes there is neither an irregular nor a regular form. In these cases, the Elsewhere Principle would predict the absence of a regular form or the presence of a regular form, respectively, predictions that are not borne out by the facts. It follows that in these cases another explanation needs to be sought. (Henk Zeevat, Idiomatic Blocking and the Elsewhere Principle. Idioms: Structural and Psychological Perspectives, ed. by Martin Everaert et al. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995) Further Reading GrammarMorphologyPhonologyRules of EnglishSyntax

Teaching methods - literacy and reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teaching methods - literacy and reading - Essay Example A child’s interest in literature is essential for sound cognitive learning. Children’s writing skills are much influenced by the time and attention of the parents and teachers they receive in this regard. They begin by drawing random lines without any formal sense of colors or shapes. These random lines reflect the child’s approach towards self expression which is quite unstructured owing to the child’s immaturity. A child’s writing skills are much influenced by the time he spends in viewing alphabets and his reflection. The writing skills can be polished by making the child copy a line of words written by his tutor as he sees them. This art of language is naturally acquired by children as they observe people talk around them. However, the case is not the same with 2nd language acquisition. It is much easier for a child to learn his mother tongue as compared to the 2nd language that requires formal guidance and assistance of teachers and parents. The process starts with speaking individual alphabets that are then joined to form words, though not too large in the start. Listening is one of the most fundamental senses that a child is born with. No effort is required on the part of his parents and teachers to polish a child listening skills provided that he is not naturally deaf. In fact, a child’s ability to speak is fundamentally related to his ability to listen. Again, the problem may arise in case of listening and comprehending 2nd language. Children polish their ability to comprehend 2nd language by listening to songs and movies in the 2nd language. Just like listening, viewing is also one of the fundamental senses that are gifted by the nature to every child. The child gets the basic sense of life and the world by viewing and comprehending his surroundings. Without viewing and listening skills, a child can not interact with or respond to his surroundings. No one teaches a child how to see, he

Why do you choose canada to study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why do you choose canada to study - Essay Example ily consider the global ramifications that a degree from a Canadian university would imply as compared to a degree from other nations around the world. With respect to the first item that has been mentioned, it is this student’s belief that Canada offers one of the highest levels of scholastic achievement and accreditation among all of the choices that have been considered. As a function of this, it is within the best interests of one who would like to further their educational career and future studies to seek out such an opportunity. Similarly, with respect to the second determinant that has been listed, it is also within the best interests of the prospective student to seek out a nation that exhibits a high degree of diversification among its respective colleges and universities. Due to the fact that diversity is a key component of the educational process, Canada again represented a high level of diversity and has therefore attracted this student to consider it high on the list of options. Lastly, with regards to the way in which a degree from a Canadian university or college would be considered within the global community, it is plainly evident that a degree from a Canadian college and/or university carries with it a high level of prestige that is recognized not only within Canada but around the world. As a function of each of these components, it is this student’s express desire to further the academic career by studying within

Monetary Theory and Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Monetary Theory and Policy - Essay Example Currently, there is evidence that changes in the unemployment levels may be either good news or bad news in the Wall Street depending on the circumstances of these changes and the market trends. Importantly, it is worthy to understand the market factors that impacts on employment levels. Besides, whether the market is at expansion or contraction stage is crucial while determining the response of the stock market. On this note, the decrease of the unemployment rates within a country can be good or bad news depending on the market trends. Traditional economic theories have derived a relationship between economic development and the unemployment levels within a country. The argument is that high unemployment levels within a country indicates a slow economic growth and may depict a weak economy. On the other hand, low unemployment rates indicate economic developing and a stronger economy. The implication is that low unemployment rates is good news for the economy and the society must anticipate development in future. However, a number of instances have shown a complete different image of the stock market. As observed, an announcement of low unemployment rates in the US comes before the announcement of a drop in the stock prices in the Wall Street. For instance, in 2015, the US labor department has recorded an increase of 800, 000 jobs in February, which was followed by a 3%, fall in the Dow Jones Industrial average (Cogley 1-2). This situation has raised a controversy as more analysts point this to an anomalous change in the stock price market. This has led to the idea that the decrease in the unemployment rate is a bad omen that indicates a higher level of inflation in future of the economy. This is against the traditional theories that perceived employment as a positive economic factor that can drive market growth. More contemporary theories of economy have shown that there are times when good

McDonalds Future Policies and Strategies

McDonalds Future Policies and Strategies Introduction In this assignment we will discuss the business, its environment, factors affecting the environment, current market conditions and the affect of the current market on the the business. Identify the stakeholders of the company, strategy, policies used by the business that helps them to gain competitive edge over its customers. Strategic Review Strategic review helps to analyse and review the strategies used by the business for survival and sustainability. It helps us to understand the decisions taken by the management to increase the sales, market share and hence maximising profit. The Company I have chosen for this assignment is McDonalds which market leader in fast food industry is. In this assignment we will discuss McDonalds stakeholder and their current market position of McDonalds. We will also discuss the environment, strengths and the weaknesses along with the strategies used by McDonalds which affected the position of McDonalds either to increase market share or maximising profit. Task 1.1 Identify the importance of environmental factors affecting the organization or sector. We will discuss the factors affecting McDonalds. I have chosen Mcdonalds as a company having worked for McDonalds for about Four years make me understand the culture, structure and the environmental factors that affect the organisation directly and indirectly.Mcdonlads follow the plan to Win and being the Market Leader in the fast food industry with having restaurant in more than 119 countries with more than 31,000 restaurants in operation. The factors that affect the organisation are the political, social, economic, technological and legal .Apart from those Factors like Globalisation, Diversity and Ethics affect the organisation. Globalisation: Globalisation helps in developing a closer contact between different parts of the world, and have increased the possibility of personal exchange, mutual understanding and friendship among world citizens. Corporations are expanding their businesses to world market. Corporations go global for the Survival and sustainabilty.Mcdonalds are operating in more than 119 countries with over 31,000 restaurants in operation. Diversity : McDonalds s follow diversity by employing local people and having local suppliers for the restaurants. It also have the different menu for different countries and follow the culture of the countries. Like not serving beef products in India and having different Entries for ladies in Arab Countries respecting the cultural and religious beliefs of people. Global marketing decisions are no different than those made domestically but the decisions are unique to each country (Sister Sister, 2005). McDonalds realises diversity as an asset that enhances in the profitability of organisation. Diversity directly reflects the interpersonal relationships. Ethics: McDonalds Promote the RMHC(Ronald McDonald House Charity ) which provide room and board, food and sibling support at a cost of only $10 a day for families with children needing extensive hospital care. McDonalds sponsor Olympic athletes. Ronald McDonalds Houses are located in more than 259 communities worldwide and support Mobile care programs which offer cost effective medical,dental and educational services to children.In addition to their community involvement, McDonalds has a long-standing commitment to environmental protection. Restaurants around the world have innovative programs for recycling, resource conservation, and waste reduction. Mcdonalds also help the African farmers by buying fairtrade coffee beans and also the Rainforest Alliances. Task 1.2 Analyze the needs and expectations of all stakeholders involved. McDonalds is a people business-Ray Kroc Person, group, or organization that has direct or indirect stake in an organization because it can affect or be affected by the organizations actions, objectives, and policies. (Businessdictionary, 2010) Customers: McDonalds provide its customer with the nutritional value of the food and tend to innovate new food for its customers and have loyalty options of drink to retain its customers .It also provide healthy food options like salads, water,delli roll and fruits . Franchise holders (franchisees) Franchisees are crucial to McDonalds success; they deliver its brand promise straight to the customer. Nationwide, approximately 85percent of their restaurants are franchised. The sites for the restaurants and either own or leases the land and buildings. The franchisee then, in turn, leases the building from McDonalds by paying a percentage of sales. The franchisee also purchases the cooking equipment, furniture, play land and signage to complete the fit out of the restaurant. Shared investment and shared risk helps to achieve sustainable growth. Employees: Employees are the internal stakeholders and directly affect the working of organisation. McDonalds provide national qualification to its employees and helps to gain work experience. Mcdonalds follow equal opportunities for its employees. Suppliers: McDonalds supply chain benefits the countries economy. As Mcdonalds lay emphasize on the local suppliers. But the suppliers have to maintain the promise of quality for the customer, the ation, including rigorous quality control in all areas of operations-including animal welfare, health and safety, handling procedures and cleanliness. By providing local supplies Mcdonalds generate employment in the countries and supporting economies of thes to be company. This also enhances the growth perspectives of the countries as New Zealand exports beef to United States for beef patties. Community groups: RMHC(Ronald McDonald House Charity ) which provide room and board, food and sibling support at a cost of only $10 a day for families with children needing extensive hospital care. McDonalds sponsor Olympic athletes. Ronald McDonald Houses are located in more than 259 communities worldwide and support Mobile care programs which offer cost effective medical, dental and educational services to children. In addition to their community involvement, McDonalds has a long-standing commitment to environmental protection. Restaurants around the world have innovative programs for recycling, resource conservation, and waste reduction. Mcdonalds also help the African farmers by buying fair-trade coffee beans and also the rainforest alliances. It also is promoting the national Olympics in 2012 . Shareholders: According to the Annual report 2010 Mcdonalds have increased it growth 3.8% and the earning per share of the shareholders have increased by 9% and also the total dividend distributed to shareholders between 2007 -2009 amounted to 16.6 million dollars. Task 1.3 Conclude the major changes taking place in the environment that will affect the strategy. Economy is going through the downturn .It is very tough for companies to survive and sustain in the market. Every organisation follow the internal and external environment to plan any strategy .Profit Maximisation is the main aim of the organisation apart from organisations do plan for the environmental and the social factors that help in achieving the objectives and goals of the organisation. PESTLE Analysis: Political factors: Company is controlled by the policies and regulation of operations .Specific market focus on different areas of concern such as health, worker protection, and environment .McDonalds while operating in India will follow the rules and regulations of India relating to the tax, trade laws and the rights. For example selling of the meat is said to be offensive relating to Hindu community particularly that of beef. Economic factors:- Economic factors are those factors where in the economy of the business is affected it has a major impact on the business these factors such as interest rate , exchange rates could have a devastating effect on the business special when it a multinational business. McDonalds will have to charge customer in the local currency than the standard currency and the price should be within the purchasing power of individual. Social Factors: Social factors are factors originated generally due to the internal stakeholders in the organization, their health and safety. The culture in the organization can have varied effects on the output of the business and the cost of the company is lot more affected due social factors. Technological factors: McDonalds use television advert for the for the marketing purpose. Celebrities and animated depictions are used as an endorsement for I m loving it campaign. McDonalds use inventory system and the management of the value chain allow the easy payment foe their suppliers and other vendor which an individual stores in respective markets deal with. Legal Factors: McDonalds is proving nutritional information of the food on the packaging and the website of McDonalds. McDonalds is using fruits, oatmeal, salad, water and orange juice to promote healthy food habits and fight the obesity. In the Muslim countries McDonalds is using the concept of Halal Food for the target Customers. Other legal concepts like tax obligations, employment standards, and quality requirements are only a few of important elements on which the company has to take into consideration. Otherwise, smooth operations shall be hard to achieve. Environment: McDonalds is using the bin it logo to promote clean society so that the rubbish packaging should not be dumped by the roadside. It is also promoting going green to save energy and reducing wastage to save the environment and showing their responsibilities towards society. Through careful planning and working with The carbon rust we ensure that we use the most efficient equipment for our restaurants according to the technology available(Katie Saunders ,Environmental Manager, McDonalds UK) Mcdonalds is also using contributing in the environmental impact by reducing the energy consumption in restaurants, miniming the use of water in restaurants like using waterless urinals in the restaurants. Mcdonalds is trying to save the environment by reducing waste and reducing the size of the trayliners by 10cm which results in 84 tonnes of paper saving. It is also recycling the used cooking oil for the bio diesel. (McDonalds, 2010) Balance Scorecard Approach: The Balance Scorecard method was given by Kaplan and Norton .It is a strategic approach and the performance management system that enables organisations to translate companys vision and strategy into implementation and take into consideration four perspectives: Financial Perspectives: From the Financial Perspectives Mcdonalds like to focus on the Profitability and sales. For Increasing the sales employees are trained to sell large meals. For the Profitability emphases is laid on the waste reduction and drive thru which is having trained staff to do the job properly. Hand held are used to less the queues on the drive thru as it lessen customer order processing times. Customer Perspectives: Mcdonalds relate to Quality ,Service and value to customers. It target to serve front counter customer in 90 secs and the drive thru customers in 180 sec.Speed and quality is of utmost important to customers. Therefore, customers, like to friendly,fast and quality service every time.New Product like snack wrap, tasty and Great Taste of America is been brought to menu after sometime to retain the customers. Business Process Perspective: From the Business processes Mcdonalds is getting to expand its business by getting global. Also Mcdonalds is adding new product line to its business by opening McCaffes to expand its business. Learning and Growth Perspective: Employee Commitment is very important in the fast food industry. Employee turnover affect the business as retaining the employees is cost effective as recruiting and training is costly. McDonalds provide qualification to its managers from the hamburger university.(maxipedia,2010) Value chain Analysis: Firm Infrastructure: Brand Recognition: Mcdonalds is globally recognised brand. No.1 in Retail food industry. McDonalds is the market leader and exists at number no. 1 in fast food industry. Franchising: About 85% of the restaurants are franchised. Company Image: Company hold a strong image in the community because of the fresh and universal taste. Financial strength: Inspite of the economic downturn Mcdonalds annual sales increased by 3.8 % in 2009. Human Resources: Job Applications: Mcdonalds follow the online application system for recruitment. 2nd largest U.S employer Technology: Just in time order Delivery: Mcdonalds use the refrigerated trucks for delivery as the temperature of the frozen meat patties should not be less than -18 to -22 degrees to be served when cooking. Procurement: Sustainable packaging: Mcdonalds have reduced the size of tray liner and also use the packaging that can be recycled in their concern to protect environment. Renewable resources: 82% of the packing material is from renewable resources. Oil recycling for the bio diesel. Quality Control: For delivery freight truck inspections are inspected and random audits take place for quality control. Inbound Logistics: Operations: Corp. Guidelines for franchisees. Outbound Logistics: Distributor agreement Marketing and Sales: Product: Health and wellness campaign and product offering Price: Providing value to customer e.g. Pound menu, party pack for kids. Promotion: Coca cola endorsement Sponsor of Olympics and feeding the athletes .Mcdonalds is sponsoring Olympics 2012 along with coca cola and Cadbury. Service : Friendly customer service. Clean Environment for customers. Fast food service target to serve front counter customer in 90 sec and drive thru customer in 180 seconds. { Adopted from Harbott.com,2010} Task 2.2 Summarize the position of the organization in its current market. According to The Times In spite of the economy downturn McDonalds is still pushing ahead with the discounting menu. Figures shown by The Times state that McDonald position in the current market is unaffected by the economy downturn .It is following the strategy of the discounting  £or $ 1 menu making it to increase its profit. It has reported the increased sale as 4.2% of the global rise McDonalds share rose from.38 % in early trading of 1950 to  £70.61 in 2010.Mcdonalds is following a low prices strategies on fries,burgers.drinks and the sale of McCafe drinks.(Frean,2010) Mcdonalds is holding strong position in market as it holds more than 32,000 restaurant in operation in more than 117 countries and it has also added to the new product line McCaffes in 2008 providing cappuccinos and frappacinos. And other drinks. Working towards the environments and Children welfare and the organic food and also feeding the Olympics allows them to fulfil their responibilty towards society. Mcdonalds have planned to open around 1,000 more store in 2010 and invest in $2.4 billion to enhance the brand. Mcdonalds have planned to Reimage the exterior and interior of the existing stores to improve seating, lighting and dà ©cor and by doubling drive thru stations to improve speed and convenience.(Yousuf,2009) Task 2.3 Evaluate the competitive strengths and weaknesses of the organizations current strategies. Strengths Weaknesses Opportunity Threats 1) Glo Globalization: 32,000 restaurants serving in more than 117 countr117 countries. 1) Advertisement techniques that target children 1) Innovation: Continued adaptation such as adding on new menu such as snack wrap and great taste of Amaerica to retain the existing customers. 1) Current world economic standing: the companys revenue streams are diversified, but depending on the the length of this recession, they will inevitably be negatively impacted by the trickle down effect. 2) Active Childrens Charity: The Ronald McDonald House helping families with children in hospital. 2) Consumers use disposable income to purchase fast food meals so when the budget it treatened, consumers redirect these funds 2) Conservation: Researching green energies and green packaging solutions Recycling of the waste oil to form Biodiesel.. Using Water less urinals in store to save water consumption. 2) More Casual Dining Restaurants increasing their burger offering and decreasing the price. 3) Adjusted Ingredients and product offerings to comply with upgraded health standards deemed necessary by the USDA:Mcdonalds provide the universal taste in its menu. 3) Public perception: McDonalds has been impacted by negative press like the documentary Supersize Me by Morgan Spurlock in which he contributed our societies obesity to McDonalds and other fast food chains. 3) Exploration: Create new product offerings. Continue to use technology to influence revenue strategy: possibly use text messages to deliver specials offers to individuals who sign up for such services. 3) Public Health Crisis.: people are more foccussed on the dietry needs. 4) Earns revenue not merely by fast food sales, but also as a property investor, a franchiser of restaurants.: More than 85% of the restaurants are franchised throughout the world. Mcdonalds using low price strategy Or the  £1 menu which led t increase in sales by 4.2 % globally in 2010. Task 3.1 Use a range of tools and models to develop strategic options. Turnaround Strategy: Turn around Strategy is used by underperforming companies to normal in terms of acceptance levels of profitability, solvency, liquidity and cash flow. Therefore turnaround strategy is used to manage, stabilise, fund and fix the underperforming and distressed companies. The components of the Turnaround strategies are: Managing the turnaround: Managing in terms of leadership, stakeholder management. Stabilising by ensuring the short term future of the business through cash management. Funding and Recaptilising the company. Fixing the company in strategic, operational and organisational term. Mcdonalds adopted the turnaround strategy in 2003 when the sales declined, ,Measures for the service and quality of the chain continued to fall behind its rivals.To fight back the Company started to follow a turnaround from the corporate level by bringing back the James R Cantalupo former vice president under who the company bloomed from 1990 to 2000 and gained 32,000 franchisees. With the coming back of Cantalupo he started the redesigning by emphasizing more on the quality , friendliness and speedy service of staff and laid emphasis on the increased sales and expanding the more on business. The Mexican Grill and The Boston which was acquired by the Mcdonalds were let out .McDonalds set out new Product line to its Menu By opening McCaffes around the world as expansion in 2003. Breakfast new menu was added as pancakes with the combination of bacon, sausage and egg which was a great success along with the breakfast coffee drinks. It also added healthy food as salads, drinks. Company also added new logo I m loving it in the TV Adverts using Justin Timberlake to target teenagers instead of the kids to endorse Mcdonalds which turnaround a great success for the company and company started to increase its sales following the strategy.(scribd,2010) The changes in the external environment of the business can also be determined by the Porter five force model which exactly shows the real picture of the competition in the market. The model of the Five Competitive Forces was developed by Michael E. Porter in his book à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors in 1980. Since that time it has become an important tool for analyzing an organizations industry structure in strategic processes. Porters model is based on the insight that a corporate strategy should meet the opportunities and threats in the organizations external environment. Especially, competitive strategy should base on and understanding of industry structures and the way they change. Competition: Since the time Mcdonalds started in 1940 it is providing excellence service to its customer. Market is tough and tight for fast food industry. Opening up of cafe to the product line and serving breakfast has provided tight competition with Starbuck and other breakfast serving restaurant. Burger king and KFC are the two great competitors for Mcdonalds. Ease of entry: it is hard for new entrants to enter the market because of the high cost of entry and research and development cost. Established brand names like Mcdonalds make it even harder and new entrants have to face price competition. Substitutes: there are many products available in the market for substites.People can go to Burger King And KFC and Starbucks looking for substitutes. Power of suppliers: products are not readily available from suppliers so the power of suppliers is relatively low. Power of Buyers :Power of buyer is low. {Adopted from: marketing teacher,2010} Task 3.2 Develop a comparative understanding of activity from organizations in the market. Mcdonalds is the market leader in the fast food industry .Fast food business fluctuates with the economy rise and doom, customer taste, cultural differences, climatic conditions and the buying behaviour of customers. Mcdonalds is a customer oriented business focuses on the service, quality, processes and the accuracy of the service delivered to customer. McDonalds tends to provide universal taste of food to customers despite of their regional differences. It promotes diversity among its employees and believes in equal opportunities to its employees. Regular Training and development of the staff at the operational and management level gives it a stand out position in the market. Innovation and the TV Endorsement and its target market and motto I m Loving it makes it a standalone brand among the customers. To retain Customers Mcdonalds is regularly adding new menu its list and to adapt to cultural differences it follows the culture of the country Like having separate entrances for la dies in the Muslim Countries., to respect religious beliefs of the people it is adapting religious beliefs of the community as serving Halal food in the Arab Countries and Not serving Beef in India. To reduce Carbon Emission promoting Recycling, to save water use recycled water in toilets, to save trees reduce the packaging paper and tray liners and also recycle paper for packaging. For survival and sustainability it follows the local wage rate, local suppliers, local legal and taxation system, and local ethics. Task 3.3. Create a range of feasible options as the basis of future organizational strategy. Mcdonalds strategy is about the fresh and quality food to customer with friendly service. Mcdonalds plan to win and target customer with the universal taste respecting the religious and cultural beliefs. With the environmental issues Mcdonalds is helping to promote cleaner streets by sponsoring bins in conjunction with the council and also initiating people to get the Rubbish in Bin By Using Bin it motto. McDonalds is also getting in recycling revolution by using the waste oil to get bio diesel .In its motive to Save energy and water it is getting waterless urinals in the washrooms to save water and are trying to use the recycled water. For the packaging of the food it is using more than 82% of the recyclable material and trying to cut the 10 cm of the trayliners used to serve customer which eventually is saving about 84 tonnes of paper every year. McDonalds is also working for the animal welfare so that that animals are given the free field to roam around and is using free range eg g for its breakfast menu. ,it is also using the organic food to promote healthy food and also using fair trade coffee beans to help the farmers of Africa.Last but not the least Mcdonalds is sponsoring the london 2010 along with the coca cola and cadb ury. Mcdonalds will still follow the strategy of plan to win and keep on improving its quality, service , speed and accuracy .along with the training and development of employees . Conclusion :In the above assignment discussion has been made over Mcdonalds and its policies and strategies over the future which will them to sustain in the future. Though it is a market leader but by showing its concern over the carbon emissions and the work ethics it is showing the great deal of responsibility towards to society . The moral duty is fulfilled by employing diversity and proper training and development. It believes in the equal oppurtunities to everybody And require great commitment from its people to maintain the standards of service ,quality and friendliness so that people can say I m loving it!!!!!!!!!

Caridina japonica :: essays papers

Caridina japonica Caridina japonica, die "Amanogarnele" Yamato-numa-ebi Sà ¼ÃƒÅ¸wassergarnelen der Gattungen Atyopsis, Macrobrachium und Caridina erobern schon seit langer Zeit die Becken und Herzen derjenigen Aquarianer im Sturm, die so unvorsichtig waren, sich ernsthaft mit diesen faszinierenden Wirbellosen einzulassen. Dennoch mußten sie hinsichtlich einer breiteren Popularità ¤t meist hinter der beflossten Konkurrenz ein unverdientes Nischendasein fristen, obwohl sie doch mit Eigenschaften aufwarten kà ¶nnen, die besonders einige Vertreter zu fast idealen Aquariumbewohnern machen. Zuzutrauen wà ¤re ihnen selbstverstà ¤ndlich auch, daß sie ihren großen Auftritt auf einen Zeitpunkt verlegen wollten, der ihnen hierfà ¼r endlich einen angemessenen Rahmen bieten konnte. Opfer dieser ausgeklà ¼gelten Strategie wurde schließlich der japanische Fotograf und Pflanzenliebhaber Takashi Amano, der mit seinen phantastischen Fotobà ¤nden und der Prà ¤sentation seines Konzeptes eines "Naturaquariums" nicht nur der Aquaristik weltweit neue, interessante Impulse vermittelte, sondern auch einer kleinen Sà ¼ÃƒÅ¸wassergarnele ihr "coming out". Es ist angerichtet... verschiedene Algen unter dem Mikroskop Warum genießt nun unter zahllosen Arten der Gattung Caridina ausgerechnet C. japonica inzwischen geradezu einen "Kultstatus" ? In Pflanzenbecken mit sehr mà ¤ÃƒÅ¸igem Fischbesatz, starker Beleuchtung und entsprechend hierauf abgestimmter CO2-Zufuhr finden nicht nur Wasserpflanzen gà ¼nstige Bedingungen vor, sondern auch verschiedene Algenarten, insbesondere Fadenalgen. Gerade bei solch einem "schnellen" Becken laufen gelegentlich einmal einige Faktoren schneller aus dem Ruder, als man mit Korrekturen nachkommen kann und die Algen nutzen die Gunst der Stunde, sich nicht dankbar auf das ihnen wohlwollend eingerà ¤umte Maß zu beschrà ¤nken. Auf der Suche nach einer natà ¼rlichen Algenprophylaxe hat Takashi Amano parallel zum Einsatz von Otocinclus-Arten (fà ¼r die Scheiben *g*) mit verschiedenen einheimischen Sà ¼ÃƒÅ¸wassergarnelen experimentiert. C. japonica aus der Region Yamato soll sich dabei als die weitaus effizienteste Art erwiesen haben. Yamato-numa-ebi - charakteristischer Rà ¼ckenstreifen Nachdem ich selbst seit einiger Zeit Erfahrungen mit verschiedenen Sà ¼ÃƒÅ¸wassergarnelen sammeln konnte, vor allem mit Neocaridina denticulata und meinem persà ¶nlichen kleinem Favoriten, der Zebra- oder Rotschwanzgarnele C. serrata, stand ich den sagenumwobenen Qualità ¤ten von C. japonica als Rasenmà ¤her fà ¼r Fadenalgen mehr als skeptisch gegenà ¼ber. Kennengelernt hatte ich meine Garnelen bisher als ausgesprochene Allesfresser, bevorzugt wurde immer genau das Futterangebot, welches bei geringstem Aufwand die meiste Energie lieferte. Die Palette reicht von Tubifex à ¼ber Trockenfuttertabletten bis hin zu abgestorbenen Pflanzenteilen. Algen waren auch dabei... Irgendwann war ich vollstà ¤ndig vom "Garnelen-Bazillus" durchdrungen, und meine C. serrata stießen mit ihrer energischen Forderung nach einem eigenen Becken nur auf schwache Gegenwehr, da ich ohnehin die Einrichtung eines Pflanzenbeckens ohne jeglichen Fischbesatz plante. Schon nach kurzer Zeit bekundeten die kleinen Racker ihr Wohlgefallen am neuen Lebensraum durch monatliche Verdoppelung des Bestandes, kamen aber der ihnen zugedachten Aufgabe als Algenkontrolleure nur mehr als nachlà ¤ssig nach.